Background and Aim: International law, like other branches of law, does not emerge from a vacuum and does not necessarily appear loudly in the world of law. Rather, it is often revealed as a result of the imperceptible development of the values of a society as a result of new and deep-rooted ideas and turns into values that are a prerequisite for the development of social awareness; Until an inviolable belief based on confirming its legitimacy and legality is created. In this way, the "pre-normative" elements of international law, such as the interpretation of prominent non-state and non-judicial actors, including soft law documents, even if they do not constitute enforceable norms, are effective to the extent that they can be clearly witnessed in practice within the scope of the Right to Food. The role of different actors in expanding the information about the Right to Food to gain support for this kind of Right and to strengthen this Right in the main discourse and human Rights is bold. This influence can be clearly seen in the development of the scope of the concept of the Right to Food to realize the progressive realization of this Right by applying the theory of change and democratizing the realization of the human Right to Food. Methods: This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive and analytical and the method of collecting information is library and it was done by referring to documents, books and articles. Ethical Considerations: In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been observed. Results: The realization of the Right to Food requires the adoption of a sustainable approach in production and distribution; this is achieved when, contrary to the previously established rules, based on the theory of change, a bottom-up approach replaces the dominant top-down approach in decision-making. Conclusion: To further democratize the realization of the human Right to Food and human access to healthy and sustainable Food, it is necessary to transition from the approach of Food security to Food governance, which leaves decision-making from farm to fork in the hands of the main stakeholders (consumers). Please cite this article as: Moghani H, Zaheri A, Sharifi Tarazkouhi H. Conceptology of Progressive Realization of the Right to Food the Contour between Food Security and Food Sovereignty. Medical Law Journal. 2023; 17(58): e1.

Background: From a legal point of view, although Food as a human Right is recognized in the international law and domestic law of many societies, like other welfare Rights, they are still in dispute in practice and opinion. Therefore, in the present article, the authors tried to examine whether the need for Food for human beings-without discrimination and based on the inherent dignity of human beings and the value of life, regardless of need also creates a Right or whether Food is just a commodity. An economy and strategy that is produced with the aim of generating profit and not meeting the needs of the people. Conclusion: With the change of government in recent years and the abandonment of the views of welfare states and the tendency of governments to regulate and avoid direct intervention and undisputed influence of transnational corporations in all social spheres, as well as the pessimism of developing governments and thousands of similar cases have created parallel discourses alongside the Right to Food discourse. One of these discourses that has a historical flaw is the Food paradigm as a guiding commodity that sees Food not as a Right but as a valuable commodity. This market-oriented approach believes that the duty of governments is not a legal obligation to provide healthy and sufficient Food, but governments are obliged to create the necessary conditions for the economic development of society, which will improve the Food security of society.

Introduction: The role of the Food and its supply to deprived people in an emergency situation particularly during armed conflict and the concern of international community in respect to such situation from the point of international humanitarian law is a dominant subject. It is therefore necessary that such issue to be investigated thoroughly.Materials and Methods: The method applied for this research is based on common methods of descriptive social sciences and analysis.Results: Regarding documental studies connected with the international humanitarian law in relation to the Right to Food, it is indicated that conventions and related protocols have identified the situation and have stated the commitments of all sides of the conflict concerned with the people in need of Food.Conclusion: In respect of international humanitarian law and conventions and agreed protocols, during international armed conflict and hostilities as well as occupation the use of Food as a tool in the conflict to provide hunger that might lead to genocide is considered as a war crime, a crime against humanity. Therefore the international humanitarian law insists on provision of Food aids to civilian during armed conflicts.

In the framework of international human Rights, the« Right to adequate Food» is a fundamental Right of everyone to access to Food which is safe and Nutrient. Risks which associated with GM Food products for consumers and full control of biotech companies on the research process of safety of these Foods, has been arisen concerns of human Right activists. These companies on the base of art 15 of (ICSESC) consider that, any type of intervention and supervision of the public sector in the process of their investigations as a violation of the international obligations of states. They avoid to disclose the results of scientific research conducted in laboratories under their control and always claim that GM Foods are no different from conventional Foods. The situation that not only violated the «Right to adequate Food » but also is contrary to the «principle of non malfeasance». But, the main question, which is our major concern, is about the conflict created between the «Right to adequate Food» and principles of «Bioethics» on the one hand and the «Right to freedom of scientific research and creative activity» on the other hand. It is obvious that the recent procedures are not enough good for respond to the need to secure the «Right to adequate Food» and «Bioethics». So that governments and biotechnology companies are required to modify their existing practices and balance different interests to adhere the fundamental principles of human Rights and principles of Bioethics.

The Right to Food and freedom from hunger is a part of fundamental human Rights and it shall not be suspended under no circumstances even in the hostilities. Since any infringement of the Right to Food can lead to death from starvation. Different approaches to solve the problem of malnutrition in times of war and peace, including the Right to Food and Food security have been taken. At the moment, the approach of the Right to Food in international human Rights is one of the Right tools to solve the problem of hunger and malnutrition in various situations in the world. There are several obligations on states, based on humans’ dignity, that require them to provide Food and a mechanism for dealing with the violiation of the Right to Food and compensation for those whose Rights have been violated. Also, according to international humanitarian law documents, the use of hunger, destroying the property of the civilians and the denial of humanitarian assistance, particularly in international armed conflicts have been considered as war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. The Right to petition in case of violation of the Right to Food has been also recognized through various international institutions such as the International Criminal Court and the Security Council. Examining the history of, and the reationale behind the Right to Food, this Article argures that the approach to Food security due to its opaque and unclear obligations of Member States and the lack of mechanisms for addressing violations of this approach cannot be used as a means for solving the problem of malnutrition, and it should be used as a supplementary tool for achieving the Right to Food gradually.

Purpose: Food security is a critical global challenge that is influenced by research and innovation in the field. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the scientific output of developing countries in Food security and examine its relationship with patents and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Methodology: This applied research utilized the Scientometric approach. A total of 8,416 papers published between 1992-2023 in the field of Food security by developing countries were included in the study using citation databases from Clarivate Analytics. Additionally, patent registrations from the WIPO database and GDP data from the World Bank were analyzed. Information was collected through note-taking, and the data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Findings: The findings reveal an upward trend in the publication and citation of scientific outputs related to Food security in developing countries. China has higher numbers of papers, patents, GDP, and Food production index compared to Iran, Japan, and South Korea. There is also a positive correlation observed between population and the number of papers, gross production and the number of papers, Food production and the number of published papers, as well as the number of patents and papers citing scientific outputs of countries.Conclusion: These results highlight the significant relationship between increasing scientific output, GDP, the number of patents, and Food security. Greater emphasis on Food security contributes to enhanced scientific output, GDP, and innovation. Similarly, increasing scientific output, GDP, and innovation positively impact Food security in countries.Value: This study emphasizes the importance of scientific outputs in driving technological advancements, innovations, and ultimately, ensuring Food security in developing countries.

Right to Food as a fundamental Right of every individual is the Right to be free from hunger and sustainable availability of Food with a quality and quantity which will meet one’s cultural and Food needs. Fulfillment of this Right allows for fulfillment of other human Rights and hence this is related to human dignity. This Right as a sub-category of economic, social and cultural Rights is similar to Rights enshrined in International Covenant for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) by nature and fulfillment mechanisms. Thus, it would be realized progressively and through adopting all appropriate measures. Developing national strategies, legislation, justiceablility of Right to Food, suggestion for an optional protocol to ICESCR which contains an individual complaint procedure, are all steps for fulfilling this Right in national and international levels. Until now, these steps have not been successful in halving poverty while half of this period has gone yet.

According to numerous international human Rights documents, the Right to have an adequate level has been recognized as one of the examples of fundamental human Rights, and these Rights are also today, with their theoretical and philosophical foundations, as well as their new executive mechanisms, supra-sovereign Rights and under the constitution. is considered universal; On the other hand, since the post-World War II period, the application of economic sanctions in the field of international relations as one of the guarantees of dealing with violations of the standards and international obligations of governments and with the aim of putting pressure on them to align themselves. With the global order, it has been given serious attention and its importance and application are increasing day by day. The purpose of this research is to examine the violation of the fundamental human Right to have an adequate standard of living and the Right to Food through the application of international economic sanctions against governments. Applying such an executive guarantee itself causes a violation of Food security and the fundamental human Right to have an adequate standard of living, especially the Right to Food. Human Rights, with their philosophical and theoretical foundations, are protective Rights, and it is the duty of governments and domestic, regional, and global political institutions to respect, support, and guarantee their implementation, and the violation, limitation, or deprivation of these Rights cannot be justified under any pretext. The legal validity of economic sanctions faces a serious challenge.

Today, many different methods are applied for the correct use of Foods and to prevent their deterioration. Ensuring healthy conditions for people in Food consumption and consumption of healthy Foods is very important for human welfare. In this study, Food spoilage, the factors that cause Food spoilage, its effects on a global basis, Food transport systems (cold chain) and measures that prevent or delay Food spoilage are discussed.